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A laminal consonant is a phone produced by obstructing the air passage with the blade of the tongue, which is the flat top front surface just behind the tip of the tongue on the top. This contrasts with apical consonants, which are produced by creating an obstruction with the tongue apex (tongue tip) only. This distinction applies only to coronal consonants, which use the front of the tongue. ==Themes== Although most languages do not contrast laminal vs. apical sounds, the distinction is found in a number of languages: *The contrast is very common in Australian languages, where there are usually no fricatives. *Some languages in South Asia contrast apical and laminal stops. This occurs in Hindustani, for example, where the apical stops are normally called "retroflex" but are properly alveolar or postalveolar. Malayalam has a three-way distinction between laminal dental, apical alveolar and true subapical retroflex in both nasal and voiceless oral stops. *Basque differentiates between laminal and apical sibilants in the alveolar region, as does Serbo-Croatian, whereas Mandarin〔(The Articulation of the Coronal Sounds in the Peking Dialect )〕 and Polish make the distinction with postalveolar consonants. *Some native languages of California have the distinction in both stops and fricatives. *Dahalo makes the distinction only in its stops. Because laminal consonants use the flat of the tongue, they cover a broader area of contact than apical consonants. Laminal consonants in some languages have been recorded with a broad occlusion (closure) covering the entire front of the mouth, from the hard palate to the teeth. Therefore, it is difficult to compare the two: alveolar laminals and apicals are two different articulations. A very common laminal articulation is sometimes called denti-alveolar; it spans the alveolar ridge to the teeth, but is a little further forward than other alveolar laminal consonants, which cover more of the alveolar ridge (and might be considered postalveolar). This is the situation for French. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「laminal consonant」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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